Reviewer In Sociology For College Students

August Comte – father of sociology

Harriet Martineau – wrote the 1^st book on social method research

Positivism – a way of thinking that is based on science

Karl Marx- advocates a classless society

-Dialectal materialism –clash of contradictions

Max Weber – “Vestehen” ( value free sociology), idea of bureaucracy in governments

Chicago – social laboratory

William Graham Sumner- taught the 1^st course identified as sociology

Theoretical Perspectives
Structuralist-Functionalist Perspective – sees society as a system

Conflict Perspective- society is an arena of inequality

Symbolic-Interaction perspective – “we are the creators of society”

Anomie- state of normlessness

The Scientific Method

Soft science- social science is often referred to

5 basic step in Scientific process

1. Defining the problem
2. Reviewing the literature
3. Formulating the hypothesis
4. Selecting Reseach Design
5. Developing a conclusion

Experimentation- causality (cause and effect situation)

Participant Observation  - direct participation or observation of a social group
Hawthrone Effect – respondents aren’t comfortable being observed

Survey -  cheapest,most widely use technique in social science

Unobstrusive measures

1. Reliability
2. Suitability
3. Adequacy

Herbert Spencer – Social Darwinism

2 processes of social evolution

1. Structural differentiation – simple societies deveop into more complex ones
2. Functional adaptation – societies cope with the environment

Pre-industrial forms of society

1.Hunting and gathering

2. pastoral-

3. Horticultural society – slash and burn

4. Agrarian societies

Industrialization- term closely related with capitalism(free trade). It started in Britain

Culture- system of behavior and thought

Three Major Components of Culture

1.      Normative – prescriptions  or standards of behavior

2.      Cognitive- knowledge,skills and capabilitie

3.      Material- tangible materials

Types of- social norms

Formal – generally been written down

Informal- generally understood

Other types of social norms

Folkways- general,customary and habitual ways

Mores- deemed necessary for the welfare of society

Characteristics of Culture

ü  Commonly shared

ü  Learned

ü  Cumulative

ü  Dynamic

ü  Diverse

ü  Whole/integrated

Culture shock- situation brought by unfamiliarity,lack of understanind, and inability to communication with the society they come in contact with

Cultural lag – pertains to the continuous practice of a cultural goal even where is no longer a need

SOCIALIZATION- the way a child develops various emotions, conduct and attiude that they see in adults, society transmits values to individuals so they can function properly

Feral children- deprived of mental and social growth because of total or nearly total isolation from humans.

Jean Itard- called the wild boy of Aveyon “Victor”

Looking glass self- process by which a person develops self-image based on how others treat him., by Charles Horton Cooley

Self-esteem – one is good and valuable to others

Personal efficacy- rise above obstacles or challenges

George Mead- theory of social behavior

3 stages of self-concept according to George Mead

1.      Preparatory stage – mimic behavior

2.      Play stage- take the role of significant others

3.      Game stage – play the role of generalize others

Dramaturgical analysis- study of social interaction based on theatrical performance

Social Interaction – process by which individuals act and react towards each other

Three types of social interaction

1.      Functionalism-supportive nature

2.      Conflict perspective – oppositional nature

3.      Symbolic Interaction – meaning to words or actions

Social Process – all forms of interaction, repetitive and commonly found in social life

Disjunctive Social Processes

Competition – 2 or more follow mutually accepted rules to achieve the same goal before the other does

Conflict- disregard rules, try to achive goal by defeating others

Conjunctive Social Processes

Accomodation- temporary or permanent termination of conflict

Types of Accomodation

Domination

Truce- cease fire, cold wr

Compromise- consession

Mediation/conciliation- 3^rd party that will suggest solution

Arbitration- the 3^rd party will be followed

Toleration- tolerate,non-interference

Assimilation – cultural fussion

Amalgamation- interbreeding

Acculturation- adopting the culture traits of another group

Cooperation

Types of cooperation

Spontaneous Cooperation –burned down house,typhoon

Traditional Cooperation- barrio fiesta or building a house

Directed Cooperation – law, citizens pay taxes

Contractual Cooperation – business partnership,corporation