August Comte – father of sociology
Harriet Martineau – wrote the 1st book on social
method research
Positivism – a way of thinking that is based on science
Karl Marx- advocates a classless society
-Dialectal materialism –clash of contradictions
Max Weber – “Vestehen” ( value free sociology), idea of
bureaucracy in governments
Chicago – social laboratory
William Graham Sumner- taught the 1st course
identified as sociology
Theoretical Perspectives
Structuralist-Functionalist Perspective – sees society as a system
Conflict Perspective- society is an arena of inequality
Symbolic-Interaction perspective – “we are the creators of
society”
Anomie- state of normlessness
The Scientific Method
Soft science- social science is often referred to
5 basic step in Scientific process
- Defining the problem
- Reviewing the literature
- Formulating the hypothesis
- Selecting Reseach Design
- Developing a conclusion
Experimentation- causality (cause and effect situation)
Participant Observation
- direct participation or observation of a social group
Hawthrone Effect – respondents aren’t comfortable being observed
Survey -
cheapest,most widely use technique in social science
Unobstrusive measures
- Reliability
- Suitability
- Adequacy
Herbert Spencer – Social Darwinism
2 processes of social evolution
- Structural differentiation
– simple societies deveop into more complex ones
- Functional adaptation –
societies cope with the environment
Pre-industrial forms of society
1.Hunting and gathering
2. pastoral-
3. Horticultural society – slash and burn
4. Agrarian societies
Industrialization- term closely related with capitalism(free
trade). It started in Britain
Culture- system of behavior and thought
Three Major Components of Culture
1. Normative
– prescriptions or standards of behavior
2. Cognitive-
knowledge,skills and capabilitie
3. Material-
tangible materials
Types of- social norms
Formal – generally been written
down
Informal- generally understood
Other types of social norms
Folkways- general,customary and
habitual ways
Mores- deemed necessary for the welfare
of society
Characteristics of Culture
ü
Commonly shared
ü
Learned
ü
Cumulative
ü
Dynamic
ü
Diverse
ü
Whole/integrated
Culture shock- situation brought by unfamiliarity,lack of
understanind, and inability to communication with the society they come in
contact with
Cultural lag – pertains to the continuous practice of a
cultural goal even where is no longer a need
SOCIALIZATION- the way a child develops various emotions,
conduct and attiude that they see in adults, society transmits values to
individuals so they can function properly
Feral children- deprived of mental and social growth because
of total or nearly total isolation from humans.
Jean Itard- called the wild boy of Aveyon “Victor”
Looking glass self- process by which a person develops
self-image based on how others treat him., by Charles Horton Cooley
Self-esteem – one is good and valuable to others
Personal efficacy- rise above obstacles or challenges
George Mead- theory of social behavior
3 stages of self-concept according to George Mead
1. Preparatory
stage – mimic behavior
2. Play
stage- take the role of significant others
3. Game
stage – play the role of generalize others
Dramaturgical analysis- study of social
interaction based on theatrical performance
Social Interaction – process by which
individuals act and react towards each other
Three types of social interaction
1. Functionalism-supportive
nature
2. Conflict
perspective – oppositional nature
3. Symbolic
Interaction – meaning to words or actions
Social Process – all forms of interaction,
repetitive and commonly found in social life
Disjunctive Social Processes
Competition – 2 or more follow mutually
accepted rules to achieve the same goal before the other does
Conflict- disregard rules, try to achive
goal by defeating others
Conjunctive Social Processes
Accomodation- temporary or permanent
termination of conflict
Types of Accomodation
Domination
Truce- cease fire, cold wr
Compromise- consession
Mediation/conciliation- 3rd
party that will suggest solution
Arbitration- the 3rd party will
be followed
Toleration- tolerate,non-interference
Assimilation – cultural fussion
Amalgamation- interbreeding
Acculturation- adopting the culture traits
of another group
Cooperation
Types of cooperation
Spontaneous Cooperation –burned down
house,typhoon
Traditional Cooperation- barrio fiesta or
building a house
Directed Cooperation – law, citizens pay
taxes
Contractual Cooperation – business
partnership,corporation
